Dynamically Configured λ-opt Heuristics for Bus Scheduling

There are two types of operational cost involved, these are layover (idle time) and dead running (relocating the bus between locations without passenger, this includes leaving and returning to the depot). The objective is to minimise the operational cost and the number of buses. Given the nature of the problem it is almost always impossible to reduce the layover and dead running cost to zero. The complexity of the problem quickly increases as the number of the depots and the types of vehicle increases.